5-FU Resistance Marker: TS

Boku, N., K. Chin, et al. (1998). "Biological markers as a predictor for response and prognosis of unresectable gastric cancer patients treated with 5-fluorouracil and cis-platinum." Clin Cancer Res 4(6): 1469-1474.

van Triest, B., H. M. Pinedo, et al. (2000). "Prognostic role of thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase/platelet-derived endothelial cell growth factor, and proliferation markers in colorectal cancer." Clin Cancer Res 6(3): 1063-1072.

Foekens, J. A., S. Romain, et al. (2001). "Thymidine kinase and thymidylate synthase in advanced breast cancer: response to tamoxifen and chemotherapy." Cancer Res 61(4): 1421-1425.

Harpole, D. H., Jr., M. B. Moore, et al. (2001). "The prognostic value of molecular marker analysis in patients treated with trimodality therapy for esophageal cancer." Clin Cancer Res 7(3): 562-569.

Wong, N. A., L. Brett, et al. (2001). "Nuclear thymidylate synthase expression, p53 expression and 5FU response in colorectal carcinoma." Br J Cancer 85(12): 1937-1943.

Jakob, C., D. E. Aust, et al. (2004). "Thymidylate synthase, thymidine phosphorylase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase expression, and histological tumour regression after 5-FU-based neo-adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer." J Pathol 204(5): 562-568.

Bendardaf, R., H. Lamlum, et al. (2005). "Thymidylate synthase expression levels: a prognostic and predictive role in advanced colorectal cancer." Oncol Rep 14(3): 657-662.

Ciaparrone, M., M. Quirino, et al. (2006). "Predictive role of thymidylate synthase, dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase and thymidine phosphorylase expression in colorectal cancer patients receiving adjuvant 5-fluorouracil." Oncology 70(5): 366-377.

Fernandez-Contreras, M. E., S. Sanchez-Prudencio, et al. (2006). "Thymidylate synthase expression pattern, expression level and single nucleotide polymorphism are predictors for disease-free survival in patients of colorectal cancer treated with 5-fluorouracil." Int J Oncol 28(5): 1303-1310.

Pemetrexed Response Marker

Pemetrexed Resistance: TS

Bepler, G., K. E. Sommers, et al. (2008). "Clinical efficacy and predictive molecular markers of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and pemetrexed in resectable non-small cell lung cancer." J Thorac Oncol 3: 1112-1118.

Righi, L., M. G. Papotti, et al. (2010). "Thymidylate synthase but not excision repair cross-complementation group 1 tumor expression predicts outcome in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma treated with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy." J Clin Oncol 28: 1534-1539.

Chen, C.-Y., P.-C. Yang, et al. (2011). "Thymidylate synthase and dihydrofolate reductase expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma: The association with treatment efficacy of pemetrexed." Lung Cancer 74, 132-138.

Igawa, S., Ryuge, S., Wada, M., Otani, S., Maki, S., Takakura, A., Katono, K., Sasaki, J., Sato, Y., and Masuda, N. (2012). "Pemetrexed for Previously Treated Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Differences in Efficacy according to Thymidylate Synthase Expression." Chemotherapy 58, 313-320.

Sun, J.M., Han, J., Ahn, J.S., Park, K., and Ahn, M.J. (2011). "Significance of thymidylate synthase and thyroid transcription factor 1 expression in patients with nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer treated with pemetrexed-based chemotherapy." J Thorac Oncol 6, 1392-1399.

Takezawa, K., Okamoto, I., Okamoto, W., Takeda, M., Sakai, K., Tsukioka, S., Kuwata, K., Yamaguchi, H., Nishio, K., and Nakagawa, K. (2011). "Thymidylate synthase as a determinant of pemetrexed sensitivity in non-small cell lung cancer." Br J Cancer 104, 1594-1601.

Zucali, P.A., Giovannetti, E., Destro, A., Mencoboni, M., Ceresoli, G.L., Gianoncelli, L., Lorenzi, E., De Vincenzo, F., Simonelli, M., Perrino, M., et al. (2011). "Thymidylate synthase and excision repair cross-complementing group-1 as predictors of responsiveness in mesothelioma patients treated with pemetrexed/carboplatin." Clin Cancer Res 17, 2581-2590.

Christoph, D.C., Asuncion, B.R., Mascaux, C., Tran, C., Lu, X., Wynes, M.W., Gauler, T.C., Wohlschlaeger, J., Theegarten, D., Neumann, V., et al. (2012). "Folylpoly-glutamate synthetase expression is associated with tumor response and outcome from pemetrexed-based chemotherapy in malignant pleural mesothelioma." J Thorac Oncol 7, 1440-1448.

Christoph, D.C., Asuncion, B.R., Hassan, B., Tran, C., Maltzman, J.D., O'Shannessy, D.J., Wynes, M.W., Gauler, T.C., Wohlschlaeger, J., Hoiczyk, M., et al. (2013). "Significance of folate receptor alpha and thymidylate synthase protein expression in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer treated with pemetrexed." J Thorac Oncol 8, 19-30.

Capecitabine Response Markers

Capecitabine Sensitivity: TS

Carlomagno, C., S. Pepe, et al. (2010). "Predictive factors of complete response to neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy in patients with rectal cancer." Oncology 78(5-6): 369-375.

Lee, S., Y. H. Park, et al. (2010). "Thymidine synthase, thymidine phosphorylase, and excision repair cross-complementation group 1 expression as predictive markers of capecitabine plus cisplatin chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with advanced oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma." Br J Cancer 103(6): 845-851.

Lee, S.J., Choi, Y.L., Park, Y.H., Kim, S.T., Cho, E.Y., Ahn, J.S., and Im, Y.H. (2011). "Thymidylate synthase and thymidine phosphorylase as predictive markers of capecitabine monotherapy in patients with anthracycline- and taxane-pretreated metastatic breast cancer." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 68(6), 743-751.

Capecitabine Sensitivity: TP

Han, J. Y., E. K. Hong, et al. (2005). "Thymidine phosphorylase expression in tumour cells and tumour response to capecitabine plus docetaxel chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer." J Clin Pathol 58(6): 650-654.

Meropol, N. J., P. J. Gold, et al. (2006). "Thymidine phosphorylase expression is associated with response to capecitabine plus irinotecan in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer." J Clin Oncol 24(25): 4069-4077.

Puglisi, F., G. G. Cardellino, et al. (2008). "Thymidine phosphorylase expression is associated with time to progression in patients receiving low-dose, docetaxel-modulated capecitabine for metastatic breast cancer." Ann Oncol 19(9): 1541-1546.

Petrioli, R., G. Bargagli, et al. (2010). "Thymidine phosphorylase expression in metastatic sites is predictive for response in patients with colorectal cancer treated with continuous oral capecitabine and biweekly oxaliplatin." Anticancer Drugs 21(3): 313-319.

Zhao, H.Y., Huang, H., Hu, Z.H., Huang, Y., Lin, S.X., Tian, Y., and Lin, T.Y. (2012). "Evaluations of biomarkers associated with sensitivity to 5-fluorouracil and taxanes for recurrent/advanced breast cancer patients treated with capecitabine-based first-line chemotherapy." Anticancer Drugs 23, 534-542.

Chiorean, E.G., Sanghani, S., Schiel, M.A., Yu, M., Burns, M., Tong, Y., Hinkle, D.T., Coleman, N., Robb, B., LeBlanc, J., et al. (2012). "Phase II and gene expression analysis trial of neoadjuvant capecitabine plus irinotecan followed by capecitabine-based chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced rectal cancer: Hoosier Oncology Group GI03-53." Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 70, 25-32.

Capecitabine Sensitivity: TP to DPD ratio

Honda, J., M. Sasa, et al. (2008). "Thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase are predictive factors of therapeutic efficacy of capecitabine monotherapy for breast cancer-preliminary results." J Med Invest 55(1-2): 54-60.

Koizumi, W., I. Okayasu, et al. (2008). "Prediction of the effect of capecitabine in gastric cancer by immunohistochemical staining of thymidine phosphorylase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase." Anticancer Drugs 19(8): 819-824.

Boskos, C. S., C. Liacos, et al. (2010). "Thymidine phosphorylase to dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase ratio as a predictive factor of response to preoperative chemoradiation with capecitabine in patients with advanced rectal cancer." J Surg Oncol 102(5): 408-412.

Capecitabine Resistance: DPD

Vallbohmer, D., D. Y. Yang, et al. (2007). "DPD is a molecular determinant of capecitabine efficacy in colorectal cancer." Int J Oncol 31(2): 413-418.

Capecitabine Resistance: EGFR

Kim, J. S., J. M. Kim, et al. (2006). "Epidermal growth factor receptor as a predictor of tumor downstaging in locally advanced rectal cancer patients treated with preoperative chemoradiotherapy." Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 66(1): 195-200.