| PTEN |
Phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 |
PIP3 phosphatase that is a tumor suppressor that reverses the action of PI3 kinase, thereby reducing the activation of AKT and downstream signaling |
Loss of expression is correlated with resistance to trastuzumab in HER2+ breast cancer patients |
HER2 inhibitor resistance: PTEN references |
| PIK3CA |
Phosphatidyl-inositol triphosphate kinase catalytic domain, alpha subunit |
Phosphorylates the lipid phosphate PIP2 to form PIP3 which attracts signaling proteins to the membrane, where they are able to activate other downstream effectors, e.g., PDK and AKT |
Activating mutations are associated with resistance to trastuzumab and lapatinib in HER2+ breast cancer patients |
HER2 inhibitor resistance: PIK3CA references |
